Here are science project ideas for class 10. Projects are one of the best ways to explore your curiosity, apply classroom concepts, and build problem-solving skills. As a Class 10 student, working on a science project not only prepares you for board exams but also helps you think like a scientist. Whether it’s for a school exhibition, a science fair, or just for fun at home, these creative and easy models will make learning exciting.

Best Science Project Ideas for Class 10

These projects are designed to be simple but exciting. They use concepts from physics, chemistry, biology, and environmental science to make learning practical. Each idea can be built with easily available materials and will help you understand scientific principles in a fun, hands-on way.

1. DIY Lava Lamp Experiment

The DIY Lava Lamp Experiment for Class 10 is a fun way to explore density and solubility. Students can create colorful “lava” blobs that move up and down, learning about liquid interactions and chemical reactions in a hands-on activity.

Materials Needed

• A clear plastic or glass bottle
• Vegetable oil
• Water
• Food coloring (any color you like)
• Alka-Seltzer tablet (or any fizzing tablet)

Steps to Follow

1. Fill the bottle about ¾ full with vegetable oil.
2. Add water until the bottle is almost full (watch how the water sinks below the oil).
3. Add a few drops of food coloring. The color mixes only with the water.
4. Break an Alka-Seltzer tablet into small pieces and drop them in one by one.
5. Watch colorful blobs rise and fall just like a lava lamp!

Scientific Concept

The oil floats on top because it is less dense than water. The food coloring mixes with water, not oil, because of solubility. When the tablet reacts with water, it releases carbon dioxide gas, which carries colored water upward. Once the bubbles burst, the colored water drops back down.

Learning Outcome

Students learn about density, solubility, and chemical reactions in a fun way. It also shows how gases can make liquids move, similar to real processes in nature and industry.

2. Solar Oven Experiment

The Solar Oven Experiment for Class 10 demonstrates how sunlight can be converted into heat energy. This project helps students understand renewable energy, heat absorption, and the greenhouse effect, while also cooking food in a fun, eco-friendly way.

Materials Needed

• A cardboard pizza box (or shoe box)
• Aluminum foil
• Black construction paper
• Clear plastic wrap (cling film)
• Tape and scissors
• Newspaper (for insulation)
• Food item to test (like s’mores, biscuits, or bread with cheese)

Steps to Follow

1. Cut a flap in the lid of the pizza box, leaving one side attached like a hinge.
2. Cover the inside of the flap with aluminum foil to reflect sunlight.
3. Line the bottom of the box with black paper to absorb heat.
4. Place rolled newspaper around the sides for insulation.
5. Cover the opening with plastic wrap to create a heat-trapping window.
6. Place your food item inside, angle the foil flap to direct sunlight into the box, and wait.
7. After 20–40 minutes in bright sunlight, check your food – it should be warm or even slightly cooked!

Scientific Concept

This experiment shows how solar energy can be converted into heat energy. The black paper absorbs heat, the foil reflects extra sunlight inside, and the plastic wrap traps heat like a greenhouse. Together, they create a simple model of a solar cooker, which uses renewable energy.

Learning Outcome

Students learn about renewable energy, heat transfer, and the greenhouse effect. They also see how solar power can be used in daily life to cook food without electricity or gas – an important concept for sustainable living.

3. Homemade Battery Experiment

The Homemade Battery Experiment for Class 10 shows how chemical reactions can generate electricity. Using simple materials like lemons, copper, and zinc, students learn about electrochemistry and basic circuits in a hands-on way.

Materials Needed

• 1 lemon (or potato / vinegar solution)
• Copper coin or strip
• Zinc nail (or galvanized nail)
• Wires with clips
• Small LED bulb or digital clock

Steps to Follow

1. Roll the lemon gently to loosen the juices inside.
2. Insert the copper strip into one side of the lemon.
3. Push the zinc nail into the lemon, making sure it does not touch the copper.
4. Connect wires: one from the copper to the positive terminal of the LED, and one from the zinc to the negative terminal.
5. Watch as the bulb lights up or the clock starts running using your homemade battery!

Scientific Concept

The lemon acts as an electrolyte. The zinc undergoes a chemical reaction (oxidation), releasing electrons. The copper collects these electrons, creating an electric current. This is the basic working principle of a battery.

Learning Outcome

Students learn about electrochemistry, energy conversion, and circuits. This experiment also shows how simple materials can generate electricity, connecting real-life applications like batteries in torches, mobiles, and cars.

4. Effect of pH on Plant Growth Experiment

The Effect of pH on Plant Growth Experiment for Class 10 helps students explore how soil acidity or alkalinity affects plant health. This hands-on experiment connects biology with chemistry and teaches important environmental concepts.

Materials Needed

• 3–4 small potted plants (same type and size for fairness)
• Water
• Vinegar (for acidic solution)
• Baking soda (for alkaline solution)
• Measuring cups or droppers
• Labels and a notebook to record observations

Steps to Follow

1. Label your plants: Control, Acidic, Alkaline.
2. Water the control plant with plain water.
3. Water the acidic plant with a vinegar–water mixture (about 1 spoon vinegar in 1 cup water).
4. Water the alkaline plant with a baking soda–water mixture (about 1 spoon baking soda in 1 cup water).
5. Give each plant the same amount of sunlight and water daily.
6. Record plant growth, leaf color, and health over 2–3 weeks.

Scientific Concept

Soil pH affects how nutrients dissolve and are absorbed by plants. In very acidic soil, some nutrients are less available, while in alkaline soil, others may become limited. The experiment shows how pH influences plant growth.

Learning Outcome

Students understand the importance of soil chemistry in agriculture. They learn how farmers test soil pH before planting crops and why balanced soil conditions are crucial for healthy growth.

5. DNA Extraction

The DNA Extraction Experiment for Class 10 allows students to see the genetic material inside cells. This hands-on activity teaches genetics, molecular biology, and laboratory techniques used in scientific research.

Materials Needed

• Fresh strawberries (or banana)
• Resealable plastic bag
• Dish soap
• Table salt
• Water
• Coffee filter or cheesecloth
• Clear glass or test tube
• Rubbing alcohol (chilled in freezer)
• Spoon or stick for stirring

Steps to Follow

1. Place the strawberry in a resealable bag and mash it well.
2. In a cup, mix ½ cup water, a spoon of dish soap, and a pinch of salt – this is the extraction solution.
3. Add a few spoons of the solution into the bag with the mashed strawberry and mix gently.
4. Pour the mixture through a coffee filter into a clear glass or test tube.
5. Slowly add cold rubbing alcohol along the side of the container.
6. White, stringy fibers will appear at the top – this is the strawberry’s DNA!

Scientific Concept

Every living cell contains DNA, which stores genetic information. The soap breaks down cell membranes, the salt helps separate DNA from proteins, and the alcohol makes DNA visible because it is insoluble in alcohol.

Learning Outcome

Students get a first-hand look at genetics and molecular biology. They learn how scientists isolate DNA in labs for research, medical tests, and even crime investigations.

6. Wind Turbine Model Experiment

The Wind Turbine Model Experiment for Class 10 allows students to understand renewable energy and energy conversion. By building a small turbine that powers an LED, they see how wind can generate electricity in a practical, fun model.

Materials Needed

• Small DC motor (can be taken from a toy or bought cheaply)
• Cardboard or plastic for making blades
• Wooden stick or straw (as the turbine shaft)
• Hot glue or tape
• Wires
• LED bulb
• Electric fan (to act as wind source)

Steps to Follow

1. Cut 3–4 blades out of cardboard or plastic and attach them evenly around the motor shaft using glue or tape.
2. Fix the motor to a stick or sturdy base so it stands upright.
3. Connect wires from the motor’s terminals to the LED bulb.
4. Place the model in front of a fan or in natural wind.
5. Watch the LED glow as the turbine blades spin and generate electricity.

Scientific Concept

Wind energy is a form of renewable energy. When the blades spin, they turn the motor, which works as a generator. This converts kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy, just like real wind turbines used in power plants.

Learning Outcome

Students learn about energy transformation, renewable resources, and sustainability. They also see how simple designs can be turned into working models that represent large-scale technology used in the real world.

7. Fermentation Experiment

The Fermentation Experiment for Class 10 shows how yeast breaks down sugar into carbon dioxide and alcohol. Students learn about microorganisms, chemical reactions, and the role of fermentation in food and beverage production.

Materials Needed

• 1 packet of dry yeast
• 1 spoon of sugar
• Warm water (not too hot, around body temperature)
• A small plastic bottle
• Balloon
• Measuring spoon and cup

Steps to Follow

1. Pour warm water into the bottle until it’s one-third full.
2. Add a spoon of sugar and stir until dissolved.
3. Add a spoon of yeast and swirl gently to mix.
4. Quickly stretch the balloon over the bottle’s mouth.
5. Leave the setup in a warm place for 15–30 minutes.
6. Watch as the balloon slowly inflates due to gas production.

Scientific Concept

This experiment demonstrates fermentation, a biological process where yeast (a living organism) breaks down sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The gas released inflates the balloon. This is the same process used in making bread (to make dough rise) and in brewing beverages.

Learning Outcome

Students understand how microorganisms play a role in food and industry. They also see how living organisms convert energy and why fermentation is important in everyday life.

8. Water Electrolysis

The Water Electrolysis Experiment for Class 10 teaches students how electric current can split water into hydrogen and oxygen. This experiment introduces electrochemistry and concepts of renewable energy.

Materials Needed

• A beaker or glass filled with water
• Two pencils with graphite tips (unsharpened at one end)
• 9V battery with connector
• Wires with alligator clips
• A pinch of table salt or baking soda (to increase conductivity)

Steps to Follow

1. Fill the beaker with water and add a pinch of salt or baking soda. Stir well.
2. Attach wires from the battery terminals to the graphite tips of the pencils.
3. Place the tips into the water (without touching each other).
4. Tiny bubbles will form at both tips: one releasing hydrogen gas and the other releasing oxygen gas.
5. Observe which pencil produces more bubbles – that’s hydrogen!

Scientific Concept

Electrolysis is the process of using electric current to split water molecules (H₂O) into hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂). Hydrogen appears at the negative electrode (cathode), and oxygen forms at the positive electrode (anode). This is the basis for clean fuel production.

Learning Outcome

Students learn about chemical decomposition, electrochemistry, and renewable energy applications. They also see how hydrogen can be produced as a fuel of the future.

9. Solar Car

The Solar Car Experiment for Class 10 shows how solar panels can power a vehicle. Students learn about energy conversion, renewable resources, and sustainable transportation through a hands-on model.

Materials Needed

• Small toy car chassis (or make one with cardboard and bottle caps for wheels)
• Small solar panel
• Mini DC motor
• Rubber bands or gears (to connect motor to wheels)
• Wires and tape

Steps to Follow

1. Fix the solar panel on top of the toy car chassis using tape or glue.
2. Connect the panel to the DC motor with wires.
3. Attach the motor to the car’s wheels using rubber bands or gears so the wheels can rotate.
4. Place the car in direct sunlight or under a strong lamp.
5. Watch as the solar energy powers the motor and makes the car move!

Scientific Concept

The solar panel converts light energy from the sun into electrical energy. This electricity powers the motor, which transforms it into mechanical energy to rotate the wheels. It’s a simple model of how solar-powered vehicles work.

Learning Outcome

Students learn about renewable energy, energy conversion, and sustainable transport. They also see how solar technology can reduce dependence on fossil fuels and help protect the environment.

10. Seed Germination Seed

The Seed Germination Experiment for Class 10 allows students to observe how seeds sprout and grow under different conditions. It teaches about plant biology, the role of sunlight and water, and careful scientific observation.

Materials Needed

• Seeds (like beans, moong, or lentils)
• Cotton or tissue paper
• Small bowls or Petri dishes
• Water
• Labels (to mark different conditions, e.g., sunlight, dark, dry)

Steps to Follow

1. Place cotton or tissue paper in the bowls and moisten it with water.
2. Place 5–10 seeds on the cotton in each bowl.
3. Set up different conditions: one bowl in sunlight, one in the dark, and one with less water.
4. Observe the seeds daily, noting when they sprout and how fast they grow.
5. Record observations in a notebook for 7–10 days.

Scientific Concept

Seed germination is influenced by water, light, and temperature. Seeds absorb water (imbibition), activate enzymes, and grow into seedlings. Observing germination under different conditions shows how environmental factors affect plant growth.

Learning Outcome

Students learn about plant biology, the role of environmental factors in growth, and scientific observation skills. This experiment also encourages patience and careful record-keeping.